Indirect election
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Indirect election is a process in which voters in an election do not actually choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. It is one of the oldest form of elections and is still used today for many upper houses and presidents. This process is also used in many union elections and sometimes in professional, civic, and fraternal organizations.
Many countries with parliamentary systems and a weak presidency holding mostly ceremonial powers, elect their president indirectly (Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Hungary).
Indirect political elections have been used for lesser national offices, as well. In the United States, the Senate was elected by the legislatures of the states until 1913, when the Seventeenth Amendment instituted direct elections for those office-holders. In France, election to the upper house of Parliament, the Sénat, is indirect, with the electors (called "grands électeurs") being local elected representatives.
- Reynolds, Andrew; Ben Reilly; Andrew Ellis (June 2005). Electoral System Design: The New International IDEA Handbook. International IDEA. ISBN 91-85391-18-2. http://www.idea.int/publications/esd/.
- "Electoral Design Reference". ACE Project. http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es. Retrieved on 2008-08-31.
- Kimberling, William C. (May 1992). "Electoral College" (PDF). Federal Elections Commission. http://www.fec.gov/pdf/eleccoll.pdf.
- Colomer, Josep M. (2004). "Handbook of Electoral System Choice". London: Palgrave-Macmillan. http://works.bepress.com/josep_colomer/3.
